Moral life-2

 

Theory of sorrow


Samkhya - oldest Indian philosophy- established the theory of sorrow which is not based on Karma like Mimansaka. Samkhya stated that because we act according to our Gunas- Sattva, Rajas and Tamas, our actions are not result of free will. Therefore the actions are not conducted by Purusa. 

Samkhya advanced that there are three types of sorrows or pains-

The first is spiritual (Adhyatmika) -- which caused by our own dilemma like feeling solitude, confusion.

The other is external (Adhibhautika ) like injury, body pain, fever .

And the third is divine (Adhidaivika) caused by planets and stars.

The Bhagwat Gita remained the main book of codes for the society and thousands of years this book was praised as the guide to live the better life, life accordance to the knowledge. The Bhagwad Gita is one of the most popular religious books of the Hindus. It gives the philosophy of Karma.

 “All the different classes of Sanyasis and Sadhus whose number is legion, read it (gita) Gita, revere and quote it in support of their conflicting dogmas and contradictory doctrines and with equal confidence. There are vast numbers who have treasured In their memories and repeat the whole every morning or even twice a day” Our heritage page 64 by S.R, Sharma.

 Gita advanced with what one has to do and what one has not to do and also moved ahead with the theory of Nishkama karma (action without desire of fruits). This principle of actions, in Gita, certainly advanced a psychological concept that when action is performed without desiring any fruit and without any expectation, just as duty towards family, beloved, society then it help to seize the origin of feelings like greed, expectation, hatred, jealousy and such emotions. Gita used Trishna as the root of dukh (pain) and this Trishna emerged when we expect result prior to actions.

 The influence of this religious book was so much that the teachings were spread in remote villages to provide religious solace to common mass during the time of Gupta period. But with emerging of Jainism and Buddhism the social conditions changed and this change brought the difference in thinking and also in the concept of god. This era of the influence of unorthodox philosophies also changed the society.

 During 6 to 4 century BC, there was a revolt in religious trend and also in the morality; Both Jainism and Buddhism turned the ethical tune of Vedic culture and fused new ways of life, “It was during this period that the new religions of Jainism and Buddhism came into existence-

 “There religious symbolized the revolt of the Kshatriyas against the leadership and dominance of the Brahmanas. Greek writers tell us that people in the north-western India worshipped Indra and Parjanya, New gods like Kumara or Kartikeya were also worshipped, Trees and water deities were also worshipped. Worshipping of images also became popular. Curtius tells us that the army of Paurava which faced Alexander carried an image of Herakles. Panini also refers to the sale of the images of Siva, Skanda and Visakha” Mahajan, page 206

 

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